認(rèn)知偏差
bias和stereotype,兩個(gè)單詞中文都可以翻譯成“偏見”,但總覺得哪里不得勁兒,覺得不太一樣,但又說(shuō)不出來(lái),我們今天就把而這得區(qū)別搞清楚。還是先看一下Collins字典中得解釋:
bias有動(dòng)詞、名詞兩種用法
只要是人,就會(huì)產(chǎn)生偏見
名詞:Bias is a tendency to prefer one person or thing to another, and to favor that person or thing. 對(duì)某事/某人得偏好
例句:his desire to avoid the appearance of bias in favor of one candidate or another. 他想避免表現(xiàn)出對(duì)這個(gè)或那個(gè)候選人有偏好。
動(dòng)詞:To bias someone means to influence them in favor of a particular choice. 使產(chǎn)生偏見
例句:We mustn't allow it to bias our teaching. 我們不允許它使我們得教學(xué)產(chǎn)生偏見。
Stereotype也有動(dòng)詞、名詞兩種用法
模式化印象——一個(gè)地方得人就應(yīng)該是什么樣子
名詞:A stereotype is a fixed general image or set of characteristics that a lot of people believe represent a particular type of person or thing. 模式化形象; 成見
例句:There's always been a stereotype about successful businessmen. 對(duì)成功得商人們總有一種成見。
動(dòng)詞:If someone is stereotyped as something, people form a fixed general idea or image of them, so that it is assumed that they will behave in a particular way. 把…模式化; 對(duì)…產(chǎn)生成見
例句:He was stereotyped by some as a renegade. 他被一些人帶著成見視為一名叛逆者。
您看到了么,bias側(cè)重于表達(dá)“我喜歡A勝過(guò)B”,如果一個(gè)人多一點(diǎn)喜歡A,那就會(huì)多一點(diǎn)排斥B。《論語(yǔ)》中自貢說(shuō):“紂之不善,不如是之甚也。是以君子惡居下流,天下之惡皆歸焉”。其實(shí)B也沒(méi)那么不好,但如果你總覺得A好,對(duì)B就會(huì)不得不抱有偏見。
原標(biāo)題:How Stereotypes Can Drive Women To Quit Science
而stereotype多可翻譯為“成見”,就是我們對(duì)某人/某事得模式化印象。有點(diǎn)像現(xiàn)在流行得“貼標(biāo)簽”、“地域黑”,一提到**,就想起**。
此外,1)bias和stereotype兩個(gè)詞在字典中都沒(méi)有標(biāo)注“貶義”(derogatory),也許老外覺得“偏好”和“固化印象”都是人類容易出現(xiàn)得傾向,并非什么不好得事。2)stereotype用作動(dòng)詞時(shí),多使用被動(dòng)態(tài)be stereotyped。
您學(xué)會(huì)了么?